By the end of this course delegates will be able to:

• Apply proper techniques in power systems protection and relaying
• Identify various faults and their effects including the effect of faults on equipment
• Recognize the implications of various system grounding techniques on system performance
• Explain protection devices and technology including history, construction and principles of protection relays
• Discuss instrument transformers including current and voltage transformers as well as types, construction, performance, specification and applications
• Review tripping devices of circuit breakers and illustrate the mechanism of electric arc breakdown
• Explain the principles & calculation of settings for grading and protection coordination & cite practical examples
• Analyze overhead lines protection including the common types of faults and causes
• Implement the proper procedure for transformer protection related to restricted Buchholz relay overpressure, oil and winding temperature
• Apply the proper procedure for motor protection by analyzing motor data requirements as well as identifying various electrical and mechanical faults
• List the various generator data requirements, types of faults, excitation fault protection and mechanical fault protection
• Identify miscellaneous protection including voltage and frequency protections, bus bar protection and circuit breaker failure protection

DAY 1

Basic Concepts

• Introduction to the Topic
• Main Electric Parameters and Laws
• Standards and Regulations
• Standard Voltages

Faults & Their Effects

• Types of Faults and Causes
• Lightning, Switching Overvoltage and Use of Surge Arresters
• Safety, Safety Distances and the Dangers of Faults
• Short-circuit Faults (Phase and Earth Faults)
• The Effect of Faults On Equipment (Thermal and Electromechanical Stress)
• Short-circuit Calculations
• Examples and Exercises
• Solid, Impedance and Ungrounded Systems
• The Implications of Various Grounding Techniques on System Performance

System Grounding

DAY 2

System Grounding (cont’d)

• Earth Grid and Calculations
• Touch and Step Potentials
• Examples and Exercises

Protection Devices and Technology

• Introduction to Protection
• Protection Relays (History; Construction and Principles of Operation; Modern Technology)
• Classification of Protection Relays and Codes
• Main Protection and Back-up Protection
• Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED’s)
• Fuses (Characteristics, Applications and Special Cares)
• Examples and Exercises
• Current & Voltage Transformers
• Types, Construction, Performance, Specification and Applications
• Magnetisation Curve and Characteristics (Ratio, Accuracy and Burden Power)
• Testing
• Examples
• The Mechanism of Electric Arc Breakdown
• Types of Circuit Breakers and Applications (LV, MV and HV)
• Main Characteristics
• Operating Mechanism, Tripping Circuits and Control Systems
• Examples

Instrument Transformers

Tripping Devices – Circuit Breakers

DAY 3

Grading & Protection Co-ordination

• Principles
• Analysis in HV, MV and LV Networks (Transmission and Distribution Networks; Users’ Networks)
• Calculation of Settings
• LV Approach (Typical Time-Current Curves and Selectivity of LV Circuit Breakers)
• Practical Examples

Overhead Lines Protection

• Analysis in HV, MV and LV Networks (Transmission and Distribution Networks) – Common Types of Faults and Causes
• Distance Protection (Principle and Application)
• Line Differential Protection (Principle and Application)
• Overcurrent Protection
• Temporary Faults and Auto-Reclosing
• Practical Examples
• Common Types of Faults and Causes
• Differential Protection
• Overcurrent Protection (Thermal and Short-circuit)
• Basic Theory of Transformers
• Types of Transformers and Applications

Cable Protection

Transformer Protection

DAY 4

Transformer Protection (cont´d)

• Main Electric Characteristics and Vector Group
• Built-on Protections (Buchholz Relay, Overpressure, Oil and Winding Temperature)
• Transformer Differential Protection (Principle and Application)
• Overcurrent Protection
• Practical Examples

Motor Protection

• Motor Data Requirements
• Common Types of Faults (Electrical and Mechanical)
• Motor Controllers and Starters
• Overcurrent (Phase-to Earth and Phase-to-Phase Short-circuit) and Thermal Overload Protection
• Negative Phase Sequence, Phase Unbalance and Phase Reversal Protections
• Bearing Temperature, Winding Temperature, Vibration and Blocked Rotor Protections
• Practical Examples and Exercises
• Generator Data Requirements and Basic Theory
• Common Types of Faults (Electrical and Mechanical)

Generator Protection

DAY 5

Protection (cont’d)

• Rotor and Stator Electric Faults Protection
• Excitation Fault Protection
• Voltage and Power (Reverse Power) Protections
• Ove frequency and Overspeed Protections

Mechanical Faults Protection

• Practical Examples and Exercises
• Miscellaneous Protections
• Voltage and Frequency Protections
• Bus Bar Protection
• Circuit Breaker Failure Protection
• Scheme Design
• SAT and FAT
• Commissioning
• Maintenance and Testing

Protection Relay Management

This course is intended for electrical engineers, managers, supervisors, foremen and other technical staff involved in power systems protection and relaying.